Quality of Oral Anticoagulation with Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants in ‘real-World’ Patients: Lessons from a Five Years Audit Study

Background: Even with the introduction of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), anticoagulation clinics (ACs) stand with a key role in monitoring. Indeed, routine evaluation by health care professionals is recommended as it is with vitamin K antagonists (VKA) with adjustments in practices of anticoagulation management services. Quality of oral anticoagulation (QOA) is associated to better clinical outcomes in those patients with indications for such therapy. It is well established that patients receiving VKA therapy, maintenance of an international normalized ratio (INR) in the therapeutic range is essential for treatment efficacy and safety. It has been reported that ACs should aim for a time in therapeutic range (TTR) between 70-80% to optimize benefit and minimize the risk of adverse events. So far, QOA for DOACs is not fully established.

Aim: Since few clinical data are available considering the new era of ACs, this study aims to describe actual trends and QOA of an AC at a large academic medical hospital.

Methodology: We retrospectively analyzed 23275 appointments of 5 consecutive years (May 2018 to May 2023), corresponding to 930 patients that are regularly followed up at an outpatient AC of a central hospital under anticoagulation for at least 8 weeks. TTR (≥70%) determined by Rosendaal method was used for patients under AVK and for those individuals in DOACs, QOA was considered the presence of therapeutic plasma levels of the drugs after the European Heart Rhythm Association 2021 in, at least, one determination. Patients were divided according to target INR in 3 groups: Group 1 with target INR 2-3, including 809 patients mean age 65±18 years (mean±SD), majority (36.6%) with atrial fibrillation (AF); Group 2 with target INR 2.5-3.5, including 92 patients with mean age 70±11 years, majority (85.9%) with mechanical heart valves; Group 3 with target INR 3-4, including 29 patients with mean age 63±15 years, majority (55.5%) with antiphospholipid syndrome. Seventy patients were under DOACs (apixaban in 74.3%), with mean age of 71±17 years, majority (62.9%) with non-valvular AF, were included in Group 1 and all individuals were under direct inhibitors of factor Xa. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, chi-square), inferential statistics (t-test, A-Nova and effect sizes) tests were performed.

Results: The 930 patient population, 52.2% female, mean age of 65±18 years and 87% in Group 1, showed a mortality of 17%. The mean recall interval between appointments was superior to 90 days in 94% of the population.

The individuals who died in comparison with the survivors showed higher frequency of AF (54.1%) [ χ 2= 47.099; p<.001; φ=.225], were from Group 1 (93%) [ χ 2= 6.641; p=.036; φ=.085], male (59.2%) [ χ 2= 10.103; p=.001; φ=-.104] and older [76±12 vs .63±18 years (p<.001), respectively]. No differences were noticed in mortality between AVK and DOACs [ χ 2= 1.828; p=.401; φ=-.044], even DOAC patients being older than AVK patients (71±17 vs 65±17; p=.005), respectively. QOA associated with mortality being the individuals who died with higher frequency of no QOA (21.9% vs 13.9%) [ χ 2= 8.126; p=.004; φ=-.101] respectively. The individuals on AVK from Group 1 corresponding to 86% of total population showed a mean TTR of 76%, patients from Group 2 had a TTR of 72% and patients in Group 3 had TTR of 55%. From the individuals under DOACs, only 30% had at least one determination of plasma levels of the drug and all but one showed therapeutic levels.

Comparatively with our previous studies related to the periods of 2006-2012 and 2012-2018, we noticed a significant decrease in patient population / appointments size (2087/ 61988) (1587/ 37931),(p <.001) with an increase of TTR in Group 1 (1927/1430 patients) (83% /72%) and Group 2 (120/125 patients) (74% / 69%) but a TTR decrease in Group 3 (40 / 32 patients) (54% / 60%) (p <.001). respectively. Mortality in the 2012- 2018 period was 18%.

Conclusions and Discussion: The trends of decreasing the number of anticoagulated patients at our AC with an overall good quality of monitoring but with a low percentage of individuals under DOACs suggests that the majority of anticoagulated population is on these drugs without routine follow up in opposition to the recent recommendations. Our study underlines the importance of the quality of anticoagulation monitoring on mortality that was no different from the previous years before SARS-CoV- 2 pandemic nor between AVK and DOACs.