Pulsatile Flow of Ternary and Tetra‐Hybrid Carreau–Yasuda Nanofluids in an Inclined Porous Channel With Nonlinear Thermal Radiation and Cattaneo–Christov Heat Flux

ABSTRACT

Blood‐based nanofluids offer improved heat transfer and fluid transport properties that can substantially enhance biomedical applications such as cancer therapy, wound healing, drug delivery, dialysis, and biosensing. In this context, the present study comparatively examines ternary and tetra‐hybrid Carreau–Yasuda nanofluid flow in a pulsatile inclined porous channel governed by the Darcy–Forchheimer model. The analysis further incorporates the effects of Cattaneo–Christov heat flux, variable thermal conductivity, combined linear and exponential heat source/sink, nonlinear thermal radiation, and Joule heating. Blood is used as the base fluid and is infused with gold (), silver (), copper oxide (), and titanium dioxide () nanoparticles due to their well‐documented biomedical effectiveness in hybrid nanofluid systems. The perturbation approach facilitated the transformation of the dimensionless partial differential equations (PDEs) into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), for which numerical solutions were determined using the inbuilt “ bvp4c ” solver in MATLAB. The analysis reveals that linear/exponential heat source, variable thermal conductivity, and radiation amplify the steady temperature profile, whereas thermal relaxation time attenuates it. Replacing the ternary nanofluid with a tetra‐hybrid nanofluid significantly enhances thermal performance, with heat transfer rate gains of for exponential heat source/sink, for nanoparticle volume fraction, for variable thermal conductivity, and for relaxation time. Moreover, systematic evaluation reveals superior performance metrics for the tetra‐hybrid nanofluid across all critical parameters: steady velocity field, steady thermal profile, Nusselt number, and entropy production when bench‐marked against tri‐hybrid systems.