Pterygium and Related Proteins

Pterygiums are benign growths that begin on the conjunctiva and can spread to the cornea, where they may cause visual impairments as they expand. It manifests as a raised, white, or pinkish lesion on the eye's surface. Proteins associated with inflammation, cell division, and extracellular matrix alterations have a role in pterygium formation. Prolonged exposure to UV light, dryness, wind, and dust are known factors that increase the risk of this condition. However, its exact etiology is yet unknown. Redness, discomfort, a grainy sensation, and infrequently blurred vision are signs that the cornea is impacted. Lubricating drops or ointments are usually used in the treatment of mild instances. If the pterygium causes discomfort, vision issues, or concerns about appearance, surgical removal—often combined with tissue grafting—is advised. Recurrence rates depend on surgical procedure and postoperative management; preventative tactics prioritize lubricating the eyes, protecting against UV rays, and avoiding windy or dusty surroundings. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of pterygium, including the many proteins involved, has been the main focus of research. This review focuses on pterygium protein-related mechanisms.