Psychometric Validation of the Ageism Scale for the Portuguese Context

Ageism is recognised by the World Health Organization as a key social determinant of health, with significant impact across the life course, particularly in the context of population ageing. Despite its relevance, the lack of validated instruments limits its systematic assessment in Portugal and constrains the integration of ageism into public health monitoring. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and psychometrically validate the Portuguese version of the Ageism Scale. A quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,257 individuals aged 60 years and older. The adaptation process followed international guidelines, including translation, back-translation, expert review, and pre-testing. The final version (15 items) was analysed using internal consistency and exploratory factor analysis. Results demonstrate psychometric robustness and construct validity. Internal consistency was acceptable (α = .72; standardized α = .74), and sampling adequacy was high (KMO = .89; p < .001). A four-factor multidimensional structure was identified, explaining 51.84% of the total variance. The dimensions reflect subjective perceptions of ageing, internalised ageism, interpersonal discrimination, and structural ageism, supporting its conceptualisation as a complex phenomenon operating across multiple levels. In conclusion, the Portuguese version demonstrates adequate psychometric properties and fills a critical measurement gap. It enables systematic assessment and monitoring of ageism, supports cross-national comparability, and informs evidence-based policies and interventions promoting healthy ageing.

Key messages

• Ageism is widespread and affects health outcomes, yet it remains poorly measured and largely absent from routine public health monitoring systems.

• A validated Portuguese Ageism Scale enables the measurement of ageism, supporting its integration into public health monitoring and policy action.