Protective psychological mechanisms against adolescent cannabis and kratom use: A mixed-methods study

This mixed-methods study examined protective mechanisms against cannabis and kratom use among adolescents in northern Thailand following recent policy changes. Quantitative survey data were collected from 205 students aged 12–16 years, while qualitative focus group discussions were conducted with 14 teachers and school staff. Descriptive and multivariate analyses identified demographic and contextual factors associated with knowledge and prevention behaviours, and thematic analysis provided insights into social and institutional influences. Findings revealed that adolescents living with parents demonstrated stronger legal and health-related knowledge of cannabis, while those in urban settings showed higher scientific knowledge of kratom. Qualitative results highlighted the roles of family engagement, cultural norms, and interactive learning in shaping awareness and prevention. Exposure to interactive and gamified educational approaches enhanced adolescents’ substance literacy and engagement. This study provides evidence to guide culturally grounded prevention strategies and supports school–family partnerships for adolescent substance education in post-decriminalization and regulatory transition contexts.