Prevention in Health as a Lever to Anticipate and Mitigate the Effects of Climate Change?

Introduction

Climate change intensifies heatwaves, especially in urban areas where nearly 60% of the population lives, rising to 70% by 2050. Urban heat islands (UHIs) contribute to chronic stress and adverse health outcomes. Primary care professionals are on the front line in managing these effects and promoting protective behaviors. However, the integration of heatwave- and UHI-related issues into their practices remains poorly documented. This study assessed healthcare professionals’ knowledge, attitudes, practices, and expectations regarding heat-related prevention.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2025 among primary care professionals (physicians, pharmacists, midwives, nurses) practicing within or near UHIs in the city of Poitiers (France). A 23-item online questionnaire was distributed via professional networks. Attitudes and practices were assessed using 7-point Likert scales (1 [not at all comfortable] – 7 [fully comfortable]). Quantitative variables were expressed as means (Standard Deviation), and qualitative variables as counts and percentages.

Results

Fifty-six professionals participated (response rate: 14.9%). Mean scores were 4.9 ± 1.8 for discussing heat-related health issues with patients and 4.9 ± 1.5 for preventive behaviors. Participants considered prevention part of their role (6.0 ± 1.3) but perceived lower patient expectations (4.6 ± 1.7). Prevention was mainly delivered through direct interaction (87.5%), followed by posters (16%), digital displays (11%), and brochures (9%). All identified dehydration as heat-related, but only 31% identified pulmonary edema. Medication adaptation during heatwaves was reported by 55% of participants. Finally, perceived level of information scored 5.2 ± 1.2.

Conclusions

Strengthening training and awareness of heat risks and UHIs is needed to improve prevention. Studying UHI-related practices is key to anticipating climate change and guiding healthcare strategies.

Key messages

• Primary care professionals recognize their role in heatwave prevention but show moderate practices and knowledge gaps, particularly regarding severe conditions and medication adaptation.

• Strengthening training on heat-related risks and urban heat islands is essential to improve prevention practices and better prepare healthcare systems for climate change impacts.