DOI: 10.4103/mjbl.mjbl_1451_23 ISSN: 1812-156X

Predisposing Promoter Polymorphisms (−108 G/A, −162 T/C) on the Paroxonase 1 Gene and Related with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Iraqi Populations Using Allele Discrimination Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Ahmed K. Khashan Al Faraj, Mahdi Mohammed Ridha Alsahlawi
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Abstract

Background:

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major factor contributing to the prevalence of illness and death rates in different nations. It is also associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species, glycation, and glycol-oxidation of low-density lipoprotein by glucose. Paraoxonase-1 (PON1), a high-density lipoprotein-C associated enzyme, protects lipoproteins from oxidation. There is evidence that PON1 enzyme concentration is reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus (T2DM). However, till date, there is no information regarding PON1 enzyme level and PON1 polymorphisms in T2DM patients of Iraqi populations.

Objective:

We conducted a study to explore the connection between PON1 levels and genetic variations (−108 G/A and −162 T/C) in relation to the occurrence of T2DM within Iraqi populations.

Materials and Methods:

In this case-control study, we included 200 subjects diagnosed with T2DM and 200 subjects without any health problems as our study participants. We employed the allele discrimination real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method, which utilizes probe-based RT-PCR, to investigate the genotypes and allele frequency to common noncoding region at promoter of PON1 gene rs705379 (G>A) and rs705381 (T>C). Additionally, we conducted a standard biochemical analysis according to established protocols to others biochemical measurement.

Results:

The AA genotype and A alleles exhibited a significantly association with susceptibility to T2DM, demonstrating odds ratios 2.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.7–4.5] and 1.7 (95% CI = 1.3–2.3), P values associated with these associations were 0.0001 and 0.003, for both. In comparison to the control group, individuals with T2DM exhibited significantly elevated frequencies of both AA genotyping and A alleles. Furthermore, the concentration of PON1 was notably lower in the patient group when compared to healthy. However, the rs705381 T/C does not display any significant association this single nucleotide polymorphisms and T2DM development in Iraqi populations for all inheritance models.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest an association between the development of T2DM and −108 G/A at genotype frequency AA in recessive model additional the minor allele frequency of A allele in Iraqi populations.

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