Precision prosthodontics in obstructive sleep apnea: Integrating smart devices, digital diagnostics, and airway care

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a multifactorial sleep-related breathing disorder with notable prosthodontic implications. It is associated with anatomical and functional changes in the maxillofacial region, especially among edentulous and aging populations. This narrative review aims to evaluate the evolving role of precision-guided prosthodontics in the multidisciplinary management of OSA, highlighting digital diagnostics, smart devices, and rehabilitative strategies. A literature review was conducted using databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies related to prosthodontic rehabilitation, digital workflows, oral appliances, and artificial intelligence (AI) integration in OSA management were included in the study. Prosthodontic factors such as edentulism, reduced vertical dimension, mandibular retrusion, and altered tongue posture contribute to airway collapse in OSA patients. Oral appliance therapy using mandibular advancement devices and tongue retaining devices is especially effective for patients intolerant to positive airway pressure therapy. Advances in intraoral scanning, cone-beam computed tomography imaging, computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology, and AI have enabled the fabrication of customized, titratable appliances. Implant-supported prostheses further enhance treatment stability in edentulous patients. In addition, smart sensor-embedded devices and AI-driven monitoring support real-time data collection and personalized care. Precision prosthodontics offers a biologically rational, digitally enhanced, and patient-centered approach to the comprehensive management of OSA, reinforcing its value in sleep medicine.