Practitioner-Informed AI Decision Support for Maritime Accident-Type Risk in Korean Waters

In maritime accident prevention, it is important to identify not only high-risk sea areas but also which accident-types are most likely to occur there. This study combines survey responses from 826 Korea Coast Guard practitioners with 3856 maritime accidents mapped onto an H3 grid over Korean territorial waters during 2021–2023, and proposes a practitioner-informed framework for predicting accident-type-specific risk. The survey showed limited use of quantitative, standardized accident risk criteria but high demand for AI-based prediction and area-level risk analysis. Practitioners’ perceived accident frequency differed substantially from the empirical accident distribution, whereas their prevention priorities aligned more closely with the actual pattern. Accordingly, this study treats the accident-type taxonomy not as a fixed prediction target but as a design variable of the label space for decision support. A two-stage framework first estimates accident occurrence at the H3 grid-time level and then classifies the accident-type conditional on occurrence. Comparing survey-aligned, data-aligned, union, sufficient-sample, and full administrative (7-class) framings under a common training protocol shows that accident-type organization creates trade-offs among field interpretability, coverage, class granularity, and predictive stability. The study thus reframes maritime accident prediction as an accident-type-specific decision-support problem-linking practitioner perception with empirical evidence.