Practical management of ovarian cysts in dairy cattle

Ovarian cysts are a frequent cause of reproductive inefficiency in the dairy industry. Despite extensive research, there remains no universally agreed definition, with cysts now recognised as dynamic, pathological structures hindering cyclicity, rather than static. The aetiology of ovarian cysts is multi-factorial, involving disruption of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, with possible local ovarian dysfunction, particularly in the early post-partum period. This review summarises current understanding of cyst classification and pathogenesis, and how this influences clinical intervention protocols. On an endocrine level, treatment is founded upon exposure of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis to progesterone, either from production of a corpus luteum or an exogenous source, to restore hypothalamic sensitivity to oestradiol. The importance of timely re-examination, accurate record-keeping and prediction of likely outcomes is highlighted. Treatment success is defined by resumption of cyclicity and formation of new ovarian structures, rather than the disappearance of cystic structures. Practical guidance is provided to support rational, welfare-conscious intervention, optimising reproductive performance while minimising unnecessary hormonal use.