Post-phacoemulsification Corneal Edema: Pathophysiology, Risk Stratification, and Contemporary Management

Abstract

Post-phacoemulsification corneal edema is a common postoperative complication and an important cause of delayed visual recovery after cataract surgery. While most cases are transient and resolve with conservative management, persistent endothelial dysfunction may lead to irreversible corneal decompensation and pseudophakic bullous keratopathy. This mini review summarizes the current understanding of the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, prevention, and management of post-phacoemulsification corneal edema. Particular emphasis is placed on preoperative risk assessment, endothelial-protective surgical techniques, and advances in diagnostic imaging. Current management strategies, including medical therapy and surgical interventions, are discussed, along with emerging regenerative approaches. Early identification of high-risk patients, meticulous surgical technique, and timely intervention are essential to optimize visual outcomes and preserve corneal endothelial function.