Polyprenylated Benzophenones from Propolis: Botanical Origin, Structural Diversity, and Agrochemical Potential

Polyprenylated benzophenones (PPBs) are a structurally diverse class of polyphenolic compounds found in tropical propolis from South America and East Africa, produced by both Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and stingless bees. Derived primarily from the floral and latex resins of the Clusiaceae family—predominantly the genus Clusia—these compounds have oxidized bicyclononane ring systems and are characterized using advanced HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography), GC-MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry), and NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) techniques. While extensively studied for their biomedical properties, PPBs represent an unexploited resource for sustainable agriculture. This review summarizes the botanical origin, structural diversity, and geographical distribution of propolis PPBs, highlighting their potential as “biorational” crop protection agents. Individual PPBs and PPB-rich extracts have demonstrated potent antimicrobial mechanisms via membrane disruption against some plant pathogens, insect growth-regulating effects against pests (e.g., clusianone), and phytotoxic properties (e.g., guttiferone-A). However, direct investigations into their agrochemical efficacy remain scarce; given these highly promising properties, research must be significantly intensified. This review emphasizes the need for targeted research into extraction optimization and structure–activity relationships of PPBs to develop the next generation of eco-friendly agrochemical formulations.