Polemic as a Rhetorical and Cross-Genre Characteristic of a Text

The article is devoted to the study of polemic as a functional-rhetorical mode of text, manifested across various genres and discourses, and investigates its formal-rhetorical and literary-historical properties. The aim of the study is to develop a methodology for describing polemic discourse, considering its genre dynamics, structural parameters, and linguistic mechanisms. The methodology combines historical-literary analysis, rhetorical examination of argumentation, and a discourse-pragmatic approach to identifying strategies for constructing polemic interaction. The study introduces a methodology for analyzing polemic in historical-literary and rhetorical perspectives, allowing the identification of its key elements: the polemic framework, argumentation structure, and specific stylistic coloring. Defining features of polemic argumentation are established, and the content of the polemic strategy as a set of verbal and rhetorical techniques that determine the organization of argumentation, role distribution within the polemic framework, and mechanisms of audience impact is revealed. Special attention is paid to differentiating polemic, invective, and critique, emphasizing the representative function of polemic and its distinction from mere insult or dispute. The proposed methodology enables a systematic study of polemic structures and their manifestations in various genres and types of argumentative discourse, thus expanding the analytical potential of literary studies and rhetoric. It is applicable to the analysis of both ancient and later literary texts, allowing the reconstruction of polemic interaction structures and the identification of patterns in text formation. The novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive approach to describing polemic as a multi-level phenomenon that unites pragmatic, stylistic, and rhetorical aspects. The conclusions clarify theoretical parameters of polemic and open avenues for further research on historical models of polemic texts or text fragments.