Phytochemicals, Antioxidant Activity and GC-MS Characterization Studies in the Extracts of Chrysophyllum roxburghii G. Don., from the Western Ghats of Southern India
Bhanushree Raveesha, Monnanda Somaiah NaliniIntroduction:
The goal of this study is to use Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to characterize the ethyl acetate leaf extract and examine the phytochemicals and in vitro antioxidant activities in the leaf and fruit extracts of C. roxburghii.
Materials and Methods:
The Folin-Ciocalteu method (FC), ferrous reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH), and reducing power tests were used to assess the Soxhlet-extracted leaves and fruit powders for phytochemicals and Total Phenolic Content (TPC). The ethyl acetate leaf extract was subjected to thin-layer chromatography. GC-MS analysis was performed on partially purified bands in order to identify the chemicals using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library.
results:
Phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids and cardiac glycosides were present in the extracts. The leaf aqueous extract had high total phenolic content of 121.28 ± 0.27 µg GAE/g. In DPPH assay, the ethanol extract exhibited high radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 6.5 ± 0.02 µg/ml. The aqueous extract had FRAP value of 24.39 ± 3.20 µM Fe (II)/g and high total reducing power of 2.62±0.08 OD at 700 nm in aqueous fruit extract. GC-MS characterization detected 44 bioactive compounds.
Results:
The leaf and fruit extracts contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides, although only the aqueous leaf and ethyl acetate fruit extracts had alkaloids. 121.28 ± 0.27 μg GAE/g of TPC content was detected in the aqueous leaf extract. With an Inhibitory Concentration 50% value (IC50) of 6.5 ± 0.02 μg/ml, the ethanol extract demonstrated strong radical scavenging action. The aqueous extract had a high total reducing power of 2.62±0.08 OD at 700 nm and a FRAP value of 24.39 ± 3.20 μM Fe (II)/g. TLC separation of the leaf ethyl acetate extract revealed seven bands with Rf values ranging from 0.24 to 0.88. 36 bioactive substances, including fatty acids, esters, terpenoids, pyramidothiazoles, and pyridones, were found by GC-MS of the same extract.
Discussion:
This study examined the phytochemical makeup and antioxidant potential of leaf and fruit extracts from C. roxburghii, a lesser-known member of the Sapotaceae family. Several in vitro tests were used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity, and the results showed a high TPC value in the aqueous leaf extract, which is consistent with earlier findings for other Sapotaceae species. The extracts' ability to scavenge DPPH radicals was similar to that seen in leaves of Chrysophyllum cainito. Both the phenolic content and the synergistic interactions between several phytochemicals previously found in Sapotaceae members are responsible for the observed antioxidant activity. Several volatile chemicals with pharmacological and commercial uses were detected by GC-MS analysis.
Conclusion:
Terpenoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, steroids, and flavonoids are among the possible phytochemicals found in C. roxburghii extract preparations. The extracts' antioxidant capacity is similar to that of several well-known Sapotaceae species. Several groups with intriguing biological activities have been identified through the GC-MS characterisation of phytoconstituents. Natural antioxidants can be found in the fruit and leaf extracts. Thin-layer chromatography, complementing antioxidant assays, and phytochemical screening investigations offer new information for this species and advance chemical and ethnopharmacological understanding of local biodiversity.