Phytochemical Composition and Colorectal Anticancer Activity of the Genus Solanum L.: An Updated Review

Research on the genus Solanum L. has expanded significantly due to its potential as a source of bioactive secondary metabolites for oncological applications. Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major global health challenge, and traditional chemotherapy is often limited by severe side effects and resistance mechanisms. This review synthesizes current scientific literature regarding the phytochemical composition and in vitro colorectal anticancer activity of plants belonging to the genus Solanum L. The available studies encompass diverse experimental approaches, including crude extracts, bioactive fractions, isolated compounds, synergistic combinations, and novel nanoparticle delivery systems. Phytochemical analyses highlight alkaloids, glycoalkaloids, and phenolic compounds as the primary bioactive constituents responsible for suppressing CRC cell viability and inducing cytotoxic effects. Emerging strategies, such as green-synthesized nanoparticles and synergistic formulations with established or natural agents, represent promising avenues to enhance therapeutic efficacy and lower toxicity. Overall, Solanum L. species harbor a broad array of promising candidate molecules that warrant further mechanistic and in vivo investigation for CRC drug discovery.