Photofluidization of Azobenzene‐Based Smart Materials: Fundamental Mechanisms, Structural Classifications, and Surface Patterning Applications

ABSTRACT

Surface patterning tailors micro‐ and nanoscale interfacial behaviors to achieve multifunctional synergy, supporting broad applications in wettability regulation, biomimetic interfaces, and smart devices. Nevertheless, fundamental limitations persist in chemical‐topological synergy and bioinspired hierarchical interface design, while scalable, cost‐effective fabrication and precise patterning of complex architectures remain formidable technical challenges. Azobenzene‐based materials undergo reversible light‐induced trans ‐ cis isomerization at the molecular scale, which triggers macroscopic solid‐liquid phase transitions, defined as photofluidization. This photoresponsive behavior facilitates noncontact, high‐resolution, and controllable patterning strategies, advancing interfacial science from passive modification to active design. This review summarizes state‐of‐the‐art progress in azo‐material photofluidization, encompassing intrinsic photoisomerization mechanisms, molecular and polymer structural classification, and emerging patterning‐related applications. Remaining challenges, including multiscale structure‐property correlation, rational molecular engineering, and long‐term structural stability, are outlined. Future directions are also proposed, including multiscale theoretical simulations, multi‐stimuli‐responsive azobenzene systems, and high‐throughput fabrication. This work highlights molecular regulation strategies of azobenzene, offering rational perspectives for the further development of advanced light‐tunable interfacial technologies.