Pharmacological Behavior Management in Children: A Comprehensive Review

Behavior management is one of the most significant challenges in pediatric dental practice. Achieving a positive dental experience in children requires strategies that address both psychological and physiological aspects of anxiety and cooperation. While non-pharmacological techniques form the foundation of behavior guidance, pharmacological methods are often indispensable for children who are extremely anxious, young, or those requiring extensive dental treatment.Benzodiazepines, nitrous oxide–oxygen inhalation, and newer agents such as dexmedetomidine are among the most effective and safe pharmacologic options. Strict adherence to sedation guidelines, appropriate patient assessment, and emergency preparedness are essential for achieving safe and predictable outcomes. Pharmacological behavior management remains an indispensable adjunct in pediatric dental practice, providing a foundation for anxiety-free and effective dental care for children.