Peri‐Implantitis Prevalence and Risk Indicators in Patients Seen at Periodontal Units in Malaysia: A Multicenter Cross‐Sectional Study
Mohamad Adib Jaafar, Norhayati Abas, Khamiza Zainol Abidin, Normah Yacob, Norul Nurdiyana Nordin, Izni Iwani Majid, Zuhrah Mohd Sood, Lau Guat Syin, Heng Wei Chei, Tan Wan Jiun, Rasidah AyobABSTRACT
Aim
To determine the prevalence and identify risk indicators for peri‐implant mucositis (PIM) and peri‐implantitis (PI) among implant patients in Malaysian periodontal units.
Materials and Methods
This multicenter cross‐sectional study included 352 patients with 647 implants (mean loading time 6.5 ± 4.0 years) across seven Malaysian states. Clinical evaluation included full‐mouth plaque and bleeding scores (FMPS, FMBS), probing depth, tissue phenotype, and prosthetic condition. Peri‐implant conditions were classified according to 2017 World Workshop definitions. Generalized Estimating Equation models identified risk indicators.
Results
Healthy was observed in 53.7% of patients and 59.7% of implants. PIM affected 36.4% of patients and 31.5% of implants; PI affected 9.9% of patients and 8.8% of implants. Bone‐level implants and keratinized tissue width (KTW) < 2 mm were common risk indicators for both conditions. At patient level, FMBS ≥ 10% predicted PI (OR 2.41; 95% CI 1.19–5.05), and ≥ 3 implants were associated with PIM (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.02–3.11). At implant level, PI was further associated with poor prosthetic condition (OR 4.94; 95% CI 2.38–10.26), splinted crowns (OR 3.48; 95% CI 1.06–11.42), and bridge restorations (OR 3.32; 95% CI 1.31–8.42). No associations were found for age, sex, smoking, or diabetes.
Conclusions
Peri‐implantitis affect one in ten implant patients. Due to modest sample size and wide confidence intervals, these findings are exploratory and hypothesis‐generating. Potential risk indicators including elevated FMBS, reduced KTW, defective prostheses, and bone‐level implants highlight the need for routine assessment of tissue phenotype and prosthetic integrity during maintenance care.