Perception of Small‐Scale Fishers on Climate Change, Fish Catch Fluctuations and Coping Strategies in Karonga District, Malawi

ABSTRACT

Communities' understanding of climate change is vital in shaping their responses to climate risks and adaptation strategies. However, a knowledge gap persists in understanding how human perception shapes the impacts of climate change on natural resources, such as fish catches. This study used both quantitative and qualitative methods to explore perceptions of climate change among fishing communities in Karonga District, Malawi. Primary data were collected from small‐scale fishers, conservation groups, meteorological and fisheries officers and village management structures. Data collection involved a survey of 311 fisher households from three fishing communities, along with four focus group discussions and three key informant interviews. Results indicated that 97% of fishers were aware of climate change, and most (90%) recalled experiencing extreme climate events. Most respondents (95%) acknowledged that climate change affected fisheries production. Fishers reported that species such as Copadichromis spp., Opsaridium microlepis and Oreochromis karongae , which were once abundant, are now scarce. Although fishers recognised climate change's impact on fish catches, 88% mainly attributed the decline to poor fishing practices, overfishing and population growth. Most fishers (96.5%) had diversified income sources and employed coping strategies, such as farming and small‐scale businesses, to counteract the reduced fish catches. Others resorted to unsustainable practices, like fishing during closed seasons and using illegal fishing gear. Despite climate change affecting fish catches and livelihoods, improving access to extension services could enhance fishers' ability to adapt. The findings highlight the need to strengthen ecological and livelihood resilience to ensure the sustainability of Lake Malawi's fisheries and fishing‐dependent households. The study also shows the need to incorporate fishers' perceptions of climate change into policy to ensure effective indigenous responses.