Pathways to Segregation: Examining Disparities in Prison Discipline Decisions

Despite evidence of racial disparities in the broader criminal justice system, research on segregation has shown limited support. This study examines disparities in prison discipline by focusing on early decision-making stages before segregation placement. Contrary to the liberation hypothesis, race did not significantly interact with misconduct severity or type in predicting placement. However, severity strongly influenced both placement and length. Path analyses revealed indirect racial effects through charging decisions—such as aggravated charges and multiple infractions—indicating disparities originate early and compound later. When severity was included, indirect effects on placement disappeared, but disparities persisted for segregation length, suggesting Black, Indigenous, or Person of Color (BIPOC) individuals face longer penalties due to charging practices. Findings underscore the need for reforms targeting early decisions, including standardized reporting, oversight, cultural competency training, and alternatives to segregation. Enhancing transparency and procedural justice may further reduce inequities and improve fairness in correctional discipline.