Parental Attitudes Toward Childhood and Adolescent Vaccination in Poland in 2026: Vaccination Uptake and Retrospectively Reported Changes Since the Pre-COVID-19 Period

Background/Objectives: Parental attitudes toward vaccination influence the timely and complete immunization of children, including uptake of recommended vaccines. This study assessed self-reported compliance with mandatory vaccination, use of recommended vaccines, and parental attitudes toward childhood and adolescent vaccination in Poland, including regional variation and retrospectively reported changes since the pre-COVID-19 period. Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional CAWI survey was conducted in the first quarter of 2026 among 1568 parents of children aged 0–18 years. Analyses included mandatory and recommended vaccination uptake, reasons for vaccinating or not vaccinating, attitudes toward vaccination, and differences across six Polish macroregions. Results: Overall, 95.0% of respondents reported vaccinating their child according to the mandatory schedule. Recommended vaccines were used regularly by 35.4%, selectively by 36.8%, and not used by 27.8%. Among parents reporting non-compliance with mandatory vaccination (N = 79), the most common reasons were concerns about adverse effects (70.9%), vaccine safety (50.6%), distrust of pharmaceutical companies (41.8%), and long-term effects (39.2%). No significant regional differences were found in current uptake of mandatory, recommended, or combination vaccines. However, current vaccine acceptance was retrospectively rated lower than before the COVID-19 pandemic in all regions, and the magnitude of the retrospectively reported difference varied significantly between regions (p = 0.013). Conclusions: High reported uptake of mandatory vaccination coexists with selective use of recommended vaccines and persistent safety concerns. Transparent, evidence-based communication addressing parental concerns may help sustain vaccine confidence and support informed use of recommended vaccines.