Overview of Existing Sensor Technologies for Virus Detection

Virus detection is a critical aspect of public health, requiring rapid, accurate, and cost-effective diagnostic tools. Recent advancements in sensor technologies have revolutionized virus detection by enhancing sensitivity, specificity, and real-time monitoring capabilities. This chapter provides an overview of state-of-the-art sensor technologies used for virus detection, including optical, electrochemical, mass, and nanotechnology-based biosensors. It highlights the working principles, advantages, and limitations of these technologies while exploring their applications for detecting various viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, influenza, dengue, and Zika. Furthermore, the integration of emerging technologies, such as lab-on-a-chip systems and wearable sensors, is transforming diagnostic approaches. The role of artificial intelligence (AI) in data analysis and the development of smart, self-sustaining biosensors is also discussed, emphasizing the future direction of virus diagnostics. By examining current advancements and future perspectives, this chapter aims to highlight the critical role of biosensor technology in early virus detection, pandemic preparedness, and global health security. The integration of interdisciplinary research, nanotechnology, and AI-driven diagnostics will continue to shape the next generation of virus detection methods, paving the way for more efficient and scalable healthcare solutions ultimately enhancing public health responses globally.