Oral pigmentation in a nondiagnosed patient with primary adrenal insufficiency: An educational case report

Abstract

Addison’s disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is an uncommon endocrine condition characterized by insufficient secretion of glucocorticoids and/or mineralocorticoids. Clinical manifestations usually progress gradually, leading to a delayed diagnosis and treatment. Hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes is a significant sign that frequently goes undetected, particularly in those with darker skin tones. This case report describes a 45-year-old female who underwent a normal dental examination during which previously undiagnosed Addison’s disease was suspected based on oral pigmentation. Early identification by dental professionals can significantly improve patient outcomes and prevent life-threatening complications such as adrenal crisis. This case highlights the crucial role of dental professionals in detecting early oral symptoms of systemic diseases and facilitating appropriate medical referral.