Optimization of balanced fertilization and biofertilizer: Application for enhancing maize growth, yield attributes, yield and profitability

A field experiment was carried out in the Tarai region of Uttar Pradesh during Kharif 2022 and 2023 to evaluate the effect of balanced fertilization and biofertilizer application on growth, yield attributes, yield, and profitability of maize ( Zea mays L.). The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with five balanced fertilization treatments nitrogen-phosphorus (NP), nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK), nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium-sulfur (NPKS), nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium-zinc (NPKZn), nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium-sulfur-zinc (NPKSZn)) in main plot and four biofertilizer treatments (Control, Azotobacter , Azotobacter + phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), and NPK consortia) in sub plot. The combined application of NPKSZn markedly enhanced physiological performance of maize, as reflected in improved plant height, dry matter accumulation, and chlorophyll content, which ultimately resulted in higher grain yield and superior economic returns. Among biofertilizer treatments, NPK consortia further strengthened yield attributes, grain productivity, and profitability, demonstrating the role of microbial inputs in improving nutrient use efficiency. The findings indicate that integrating balanced fertilization with biofertilizer consortia not only enhances crop productivity and farm income but also supports resource-use efficiency and soil health. This integrated nutrient management approach has wider implications for sustainable maize production and aligns with global efforts toward climate-resilient and environmentally sustainable agricultural systems.