Optimal Load Frequency Control of Two‐Area System Incorporating Wind Farms Through HVDC Lines and Electric Vehicles Using Hybrid Controller

ABSTRACT

The rising penetration level of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Wind Farms (WFs) in power systems makes them more susceptible to issues with low inertia and significant impact on power system networks. To provide reliable frequency control in power system networks, this study introduces a novel control technique that combines Fuzzy Proportional Integral Derivative (F‐PID) and Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers in a single integrated entity. The proposed controller is effectively handling the variety of disturbances and Frequency control in the power system, which contains WFs and Electric Vehicle Aggregators (EVAs). EVAs, acting as intermediaries, manage the interaction between EVs and the grid. They can facilitate Vehicle‐to‐Grid (V2G) services, allowing EVs to provide power back to the grid when required. This unique capability allows EVAs to actively participate in load frequency control (LFC), contributing to the stability of the grid by adjusting their energy consumption and supply in response to grid frequency fluctuations. For optimal performance, all the variables of the proposed controller are fine‐tuned using a novel soft computing technique known as the Incomprehensible but Intelligible‐in‐time Logic Algorithm (ILA). Moreover, constraints like the reheat turbine and the dead band are accounted for in different units. Existing EVs assist in providing support for frequency regulation in the power system when a sudden load disturbance occurs. A comparative performance assessment has been undertaken to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller. Also, various step load disturbances (SLD) and random load disturbances on the system have been applied to evaluate the hardiness of the proposed controller. A comparison of the results among the different error criteria as the objective function in the optimization technique has been made. Ultimately, this novel idea is examined through several case studies in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation outcomes validate that the proposed control scheme exhibits superior dynamic performance compared to F‐PID and PID controllers across different scenarios of SLD as well as random load variations.