Optimal Configuration and Performance Analysis of an Electric-Thermal-Hydrogen Integrated Energy System Considering Seasons with Extreme Weather Variations

Commercial-complex electric-thermal-hydrogen integrated energy systems (ETH-IESs) suffer from high capital costs, strong seasonal source-load fluctuations, and aggravated source-load mismatch under heatwave, cold-snap, and rainstorm conditions. Existing works usually decouple capacity configuration and storage operation strategies and cannot fully tap the complementary merits of multi-energy storage. Targeting these issues, this work investigates a typical commercial complex in the hot-summer and cold-winter zone to develop hybrid-storage collaborative operation rules and optimal capacity configuration for improving renewable-energy accommodation and techno-economic performance. A configuration model embedding multi-condition collaborative logic is solved by an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm. Simulations are conducted for benchmark (battery-only) and optimized hybrid-storage schemes across four seasonal and three extreme-weather scenarios with sensitivity analysis. Simulation results show that compared with the benchmark scheme, the optimized scheme reduces the annual investment cost, operation-and-maintenance cost, purchased-energy cost, and total annual cost by 29.7%, 38.2%, 25.4%, and 26.3%, respectively. Renewable-energy accommodation increases by 8.0–28.5% for seasonal days and 8.0–45.8% under extreme weather. This research provides a theoretical basis and engineering references for energy-storage selection, capacity planning, and multi-storage coordinated dispatch of ETH-IESs for commercial complexes, and possesses practical significance for promoting on-site renewable-energy utilization and lowering comprehensive energy costs in building-related scenarios.