Operational-Cost-Oriented Day-Ahead BESS Scheduling in Active Distribution Networks: An AC-Feasible Framework with Post-Dispatch Battery-Aging Assessment

This paper presents an integrated day-ahead battery energy storage system (BESS) scheduling framework for radial active distribution networks with photovoltaic generation. Its main contribution is a reproducible evaluation chain combining non-ideal state-of-charge (SoC) feasibility correction, sequential AC power-flow verification, consistent metaheuristic benchmarking, and post-dispatch battery-aging analysis. The operating-cost objective coordinates hourly BESS active-power exchanges while enforcing storage and AC-network constraints. A parallel Coyote Optimization Algorithm (COA) is compared with parallel GWO, GA, PSO, and MVO implementations under a common formulation, correction procedure, evaluator, and computational environment. Validation uses modified 33-, 69-, and 136-bus radial feeders: 100 independent runs for the deterministic 33-bus benchmark, 100 independently optimized Monte Carlo scenarios for the 69-bus assessment, and seven representative daily profiles for the 136-bus weekly case. COA achieved an average cost reduction of 1.0084%, with the lowest dispersion of σ=0.0070%, in the 33-bus system; a mean scenario-wise reduction of 1.8337% in the 69-bus system; and a weekly reduction of 0.4402% in the 136-bus system. It obtained the lowest operating costs among the evaluated calibrated configurations, and all pairwise comparisons remained significant after Holm’s step-down adjustment applied separately within each system, although COA required greater computational effort than PSO. The reported schedules satisfied the imposed BESS and AC-network limits. Battery aging was evaluated only after scheduling and was not included in the optimization objective. The resulting cost-oriented schedules produced equivalent full-cycle values near 0.8 day−1 and projected 80% SoH lifetimes of approximately 6–8 years. These results provide an AC-feasible basis for comparing economic performance and post-dispatch battery-health implications under the evaluated conditions.