Olive Anthracnose: Current State of the Art, Global Distribution and Associated Colletotrichum Species

ABSTRACT

The olive tree ( Olea europaea ) is one of the most important perennial crops worldwide for both the nutritional value of its products and for the economic revenue. Its continuous expansion into new geographic regions is also broadening the range of its potential pathogens. Olive anthracnose, caused by fungi belonging to the genus Colletotrichum , is among the most destructive diseases affecting this crop, with serious consequences on both yield and fruit quality. This review summarises the most recent advances in our understanding of olive anthracnose, with particular attention to the Colletotrichum species reported in newly established cultivation areas. Updated information is presented on the biology, epidemiology and host–pathogen interactions that drive disease development. In addition, emerging strategies for disease management are discussed, including advances in early detection, characterisation of pathogen diversity, development of resistant cultivars and evaluation of innovative chemical and biological control approaches. Overall, this review provides an integrated overview of the current state of knowledge on olive anthracnose, highlighting critical research gaps and offering perspectives for improved and sustainable disease control in olive‐growing regions worldwide.