DOI: 10.20935/acadcatal8445 ISSN: 3143-5408

Observation and characterization of vacancy defects in catalytic materials

Xintong Zhou, Shilong Xiong, Chang-Jun Liu
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The detection and identification of vacancy structures of various catalysts is a highly active research area. Despite their low concentration and uneven distribution, vacancies are detectable through their distinctive characteristics, such as changes in electron density, lattice parameters, adsorption behavior, and magnetic and optical properties. In this review, strategies for the detection of vacancy structures were summarized, including direct observation using an atomic-scale microscope and detection through spectroscopic methods that take advantage of the unique properties of vacancies. The detection mechanisms and applications are introduced. Examples of how these detection strategies explain the reaction mechanism and help in designing catalysts are provided, offering guidance for vacancy observation and characterization during catalyst research and development. Challenges and future developments are also addressed.

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