Nutrition-Related Factors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Modulating Inflammation through Clinical Management

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, is a chronic relapsing inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract with a heterogeneous clinical course. Nutritional disturbances are common in IBD due to persistent inflammation, impaired intestinal absorption, dietary restrictions, and treatment-related effects. This review examines current evidence on the relationship between nutrition, immune mechanisms, and intestinal barrier function in IBD. Alterations in body composition, including loss of fat-free mass and increased visceral adiposity, are frequently observed and may occur independently of body mass index. These changes are closely linked to disease activity, immune activation, and metabolic dysregulation. Dietary factors influence intestinal permeability and inflammatory pathways, although the effectiveness of specific dietary interventions varies among individuals. Additionally, micronutrient deficiencies frequently contribute to anemia, bone disease, and impaired immune function. Regular nutritional assessment, targeted supplementation, and physical activity are essential components of comprehensive IBD management. This article is a narrative review and was therefore not developed according to specific reporting guidelines.