Nutraceutical Potential of Argan Tree (Argania spinosa): Structure–Function Insights and Health-Promoting Bioactivities of Key Phytochemicals

Argan tree (Argania spinosa L. Skeels), an endemic Moroccan species, is widely recognized for its traditional medicinal and nutritional uses. It has long been employed to promote skin and cardiovascular health, regulate blood glucose levels, and support overall wellbeing. Traditionally, different parts of the argan tree, including argan oil, leaves, and other plant-derived preparations, have been used to manage various health conditions such as diabetes, gastritis, gastric ulcers, rheumatism, joint and muscle pain, skin disorders including acne, eczema, and inflammation, as well as wound healing and dental problems. This narrative critical review compiles and evaluates current knowledge on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of argan tree to support its evidence-based application. Relevant literature was collected from major English and French scientific databases, focusing on studies addressing the plant and its principal bioactive constituents. Ethnobotanical data indicate the extensive use of argan oil, leaves, and other plant parts in traditional remedies and dietary practices. Phytochemical investigations reveal a rich composition dominated by unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, phytosterols, and polyphenolic compounds. Experimental studies highlight a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and anti-obesity effects, along with emerging applications in nanotechnology. Toxicological findings generally suggest low toxicity and good safety profiles under tested conditions. Overall, A. spinosa exhibits substantial ethnopharmacological relevance and diverse bioactivities, supporting its continued exploration for nutraceutical and therapeutic applications.