Numerical Design and Optimization of a Cs 2 SnI 6 ‐Based Lead‐Free Perovskite Solar Cell for High Photovoltaic Performance
Dil Mahfuzur Rahman, Md. Jahirul Islam Fahim, Md. Shakibur Rahman, Md. Adnan Faisal Siddique, Mohammad Rubaiyat Tanvir HossainABSTRACT
This study proposes a highly efficient, lead‐free perovskite solar cell (PSC) architecture based on , designed and optimized using SCAPS‐1D simulation. By systematically engineering the device structure, ZnO and PTAA were identified as the optimal ETL and HTL, respectively, owing to their favorable energy‐band alignment and reduced interfacial recombination with the absorber. The finalized ITO/ZnO//PTAA/Ni configuration, comprising predominantly inorganic layers with PTAA as the sole organic component, achieved a PCE of 26.53%, with an open‐circuit voltage () of 0.933 V, short‐circuit current density () of 32.478 mA/, and a fill factor () of 87.55%. Energy‐band analysis and current–voltage characteristics confirmed efficient carrier transport, while the device also exhibited robustness against temperature and resistive losses. These results highlight the potential of as a stable and non‐toxic absorber and demonstrate a promising pathway toward commercially viable lead‐free perovskite photovoltaics integrating both organic and inorganic materials.