Novel Multi‐Doped Apatite‐Related Calcium Phosphates and Composites With SiO ₂ for Medical Application

ABSTRACT

This study presents the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of the structural, mechanical, and biological properties of multi‐doped with cations (Na ⁺ , Mg ²⁺ , Zn ²⁺ ) and anions (SiO ₄ ⁴⁻ , CO ₃ ²⁻ , BO ₃ ³⁻ , BO ₂ ⁻ ) hydroxyapatites, as well as their composites containing 25 wt% SiO ₂ . XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a hexagonal apatite structure (space group P 6 ₃ / m ) with crystallite sizes range from 17 nm to 23 nm. FTIR spectroscopy verified the successful incorporation of anionic groups into the calcium phosphate lattice via A‐type and B‐type substitution mechanisms. It was established that the introduction of silicate anions in structure or silica in composite allows for the precise tailoring of material surface reactivity in a model solution (pH elevation to 8.2–9.4) without significant degradation of mechanical performance (microhardness ∼0.32–0.33 GPa). The composite of (Na ⁺ , Mg ²⁺ , Zn ²⁺ , CO ₃ ²⁻ )‐doped HAP with 25 wt% SiO ₂ exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , alongside superior nucleic acid sorption efficiency, outperforming borate‐containing analogues by 1.36–1.89 times. These findings highlight the potential of the developed composites as multifunctional bioactive materials for bone tissue regeneration and nucleic acid extraction systems.