Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Detection of Glucose Using VO ₂ -Based Tungsten Microneedles

Traditional glucose-detection methods, such as calorimetric, optical, and physical biosensors, are not suitable for real-time applications owing to their high maintenance, cost, and time requirements. This study aims to create a painless glucose detection system, employing a tungsten microneedle as a non-enzymatic electrochemical biosensing platform. It employs, for the first time, vanadium oxide (VO ₂ )-based non-enzymatic tungsten microneedles as the working electrode for electrochemical detection. The correlation between glucose concentration and the microneedles’ reaction was evaluated by cyclic voltammetric and amperometric investigations. Furthermore, this work addresses the critical challenges that currently limit the practical implementation of embedded tissue sensing technologies, including weak signal propagation within biological tissues, long-term electrochemical stability, and biocompatibility. Thus, the proposed platform enables reliable and sustained transmission of biological information from living tissues.