MXene‐Based Hybrid Photodetectors: A Review of Multidimensional Material Integration (0D, 1D, and 2D)

ABSTRACT

MXenes, an emerging family of two‐dimensional transition‐metal carbides and nitrides, exhibit a distinctive blend of metallic conductivity, adjustable surface chemistry, and strong light–matter interactions, making them highly attractive for optoelectronic applications. However, their intrinsically weak photoresponse and environmental instability limit standalone device performance. Here, we present a critical and unified perspective on MXene‐based hybrid photodetectors enabled by multidimensional integration with zero‐(0D), one‐(1D), and two‐(2D) dimensional materials. We establish a design framework linking dimensionality with interfacial charge‐transfer mechanisms, band alignment, and carrier transport pathways. MXene/0D hybrids achieve ultrahigh photogain via trap‐assisted photogating, whereas MXene/1D architectures enable directional transport and rapid carrier extraction. MXene/2D heterostructures, in contrast, suppress dark current and enhance stability through efficient van der Waals coupling. We further highlight the central role of surface terminations in modulating work function and interfacial energetics. Despite rapid progress, challenges in stability, interface control, and scalable fabrication persist. By correlating materials chemistry with device physics, this review provides actionable design rules and outlines emerging directions, including infrared photodetection, flexible systems, and neuromorphic optoelectronics.