Multifunctional polycaprolactone–lignin–silver nanocomposite membranes for simultaneous removal of heavy metal, nutrient and microbial contaminants from wastewater

Using a PCL–L–Ag 2% NPs membrane for efficient removal of Cd ²⁺ , PO ₄ ³⁻ , and NO ₃ ⁻ at pH 6 in 90 min at 50 °C from wastewater.