Multifunctional Cellulose Acetate-Based Composite Membranes Incorporating Hydroxyapatite, Magnetic Nanoparticles and Ketoprofen with Improved Mineralization Properties

In this study, cellulose acetate-based composite membranes incorporating hydroxyapatite and ketoprofen-functionalized Fe/Ni magnetic nanoparticles (HA–NP–KP) were successfully fabricated by the phase inversion technique. FTIR and XPS analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of the bioactive fillers into the cellulose acetate matrix, while thermal analysis demonstrated that their addition did not compromise the thermal stability of the membranes. The incorporation of HA–NP–KP significantly enhanced the mineralization performance of the membranes. Taguchi mineralization studies revealed a progressive increase in calcium phosphate deposition with increasing filler content, while EDS analysis showed Ca/P ratios approaching the stoichiometric value of hydroxyapatite, indicating the formation of biologically relevant mineral phases. Among the investigated formulations, the CA/HA–NP–KP 2% membrane exhibited the highest mineralization ability, demonstrating the beneficial synergistic effect of hydroxyapatite and functionalized magnetic nanoparticles on apatite nucleation and growth. In addition, the composite membranes exhibited controlled ketoprofen release over a clinically relevant time frame, meaning they could provide localized anti-inflammatory activity without compromising their physicochemical properties. The combination of enhanced mineralization with sustained drug delivery highlights the multifunctional character of the developed membranes. Overall, these findings demonstrate that HA–NP–KP-functionalized cellulose acetate membranes represent potential candidates for implant surface modification, with the ability to simultaneously promote osseointegration and modulate the early inflammatory response following implantation. Future work will focus on biological evaluation, including cell response and anti-inflammatory performance, to investigate their suitability for orthopedic and dental applications.