Multidimensional Sustainability in Indigenous Agroecosystems: A Case Study of the Tupinambá Territory in Atlantic Forest

(1) Background: Traditional agricultural practices stand out for their complexity and the heterogeneity of their production processes. The objective of this study is to assess the sustainability of indigenous family farming in productive units within the Tupinambá de Olivença territory in four villages located in the municipality of Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. (2) Methods: We adopted the Framework for the Evaluation of Natural Resource Management Systems Incorporating Sustainability Indicators (MESMIS). A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 67 indigenous family farming holdings. Each indicator received a score from 0 to 4 based on the qualitative responses of the families where a score of 4 fully meets the criterion and 0 fails to meet it. (3) Results: The study identified a medium level of sustainability, with an overall index of 2.01. Dimension-specific analysis revealed medium scores across all pillars: social (2.30), environmental (1.92), and economic (1.80). (4) Conclusions: To enhance indigenous farming sustainability, key actions include fostering knowledge exchange (intergenerational, academic) and supporting community-specific research; strengthening local associations through viable projects and collaboration with agricultural institutions for technical support; and implementing integrated indigenous policies addressing transport, education, credit, and commercialization, paired with culturally sensitive technical assistance from trained professionals.