Multidimensional Spatial Mismatch in Shrinking Resource-Based Cities: Evidence from Daqing, China

Urban shrinkage in resource-based cities manifests not only as population decline but also as spatial mismatches between current human activities and inherited urban systems. Existing studies have mainly focused on single dimensions such as service accessibility or land-use efficiency, with limited attention to the multidimensional incompatibility between human activities, service systems, built environment, and industrial risks. This study develops a human activity-centered spatial mismatch framework to examine the spatial consistency between human activities and urban systems in shrinking resource-based cities. Taking the central urban area of Daqing as a case study, this study integrates multi-source urban big data across four spatial dimensions—human activity, public service provision, built environment, and industrial risk exposure—and identifies three types of spatial mismatch: service supply–demand mismatch, built environment mismatch, and industrial risk exposure conflict. The results show that human activities in central Daqing exhibit a polycentric pattern, while their spatial distribution is not fully consistent with existing urban systems. Specifically, service accessibility mismatch, built environment underutilization, and human activity–industrial risk overlap coexist across different areas, reflecting asynchronous adjustment between human activities and inherited urban structures. This study provides a human activity-centered framework for diagnosing multidimensional spatial conflicts in shrinking resource-based cities and supports a transition from expansion-oriented planning toward differentiated adaptive spatial governance.