Multiagent Optimization and Multiphysics Investigation of Lead-Free CsBi3I10 Photodetectors

Abstract

The practical development of perovskite photodetectors is restricted by lead toxicity and the limited performance of many lead-free alternatives. This study investigates an all-inorganic CsBi3I10 photodetector through a comprehensive device-to-circuit simulation framework, integrating one-dimensional device modeling, multiagent optimization, multiphysics analysis, and circuit-level readout. A multiagent strategy is employed to cooperatively optimize interfacial and bulk parameters, overcoming the limitations of conventional single-parameter scanning. The optimized device achieves a responsivity of 0.484 A/W at 640 nm and an estimated detectivity of 1012–1013 Jones after including Johnson noise. Multiphysics evaluations reveal that mechanical bending effectively modulates the absorber bandgap, while the device maintains excellent thermal stability (280–360 K) and exhibits fast, reversible transient responses under pulsed illumination. Furthermore, transimpedance amplifier modeling demonstrates reliable photocurrent-to-voltage conversion under both flat and deformed states. This work establishes a systematic pathway for the application-oriented design of environmentally benign, flexible, and robust optoelectronic systems.