Multi-Timescale Coordinated Power Allocation and Temperature Control for Wind-Powered Multi-Stack PEM Electrolysis Systems

Power allocation in wind-powered multi-stack proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis depends on both load-dependent efficiency and thermal response. This study evaluates coordinated allocation, stack rotation and temperature control for four parallel 200 kW stacks. A control-oriented model couples electrochemical and thermal dynamics with rectifier losses and hydrogen compression power. Particle swarm optimisation determines the allocation, an equivalent health index guides stack rotation, and model predictive control (MPC) tracks temperature references from an offline stack-efficiency map. Predicted polarisation voltages differ from experimental data by no more than 1.4% at 313 and 333 K. In annual simulations, rotation reduces the cross-stack index standard deviation from 725.10 to 2.92 h. MPC achieves a simulated temperature-tracking root mean square error of 0.019 K, 91.12% below that of fuzzy proportional–integral–derivative control. Across three representative wind power scenarios, the probability-weighted daily hydrogen production is 199.85 kg, 0.59% above optimal allocation at 333 K. The corresponding increases over equal and sequential allocation are 1.26% and 2.43%, respectively. These results quantify the additional hydrogen yield from load-dependent temperature control and the operating-load balance obtained through stack rotation under the evaluated conditions.