Multi-Scale Multi-Indicator Assessment of Material Recovery Pathways: The Case of the United States Flat Glass Sector

Abstract

Material recovery and circularity analysis offers critical insights for understanding future scenarios and informing strategic decisions toward resource use. However, existing approaches often lack the granularity and breadth needed to capture supply chain dynamics and economy-wide impacts simultaneously. We introduce a novel quantitative framework─Supply Chain Operations Research through Physical Input-Output (SCORPIO)─that addresses this gap by enabling multi-scale assessment of material recovery strategies across both supply chain and macroeconomic levels. To demonstrate SCORPIO’s capabilities, we apply it to flat glass flows in the United States, examining waste valorization practices, including open- and closed-loop recycling. By assessing economic, workforce, and environmental indicators, SCORPIO reveals the potential outcomes and trade-offs of different waste valorization solutions in a holistic manner. Results show that both open-loop and closed-loop recycling of glass from utility solar and commercial buildings have the potential for positive economic impacts at the supply chain and economy level. However, the effect on environmental impacts was less certain, with open-loop recycling generally performing better than closed-loop pathways. This case study illustrates how the SCORPIO framework can support stakeholders navigating the transition toward increased material recovery, offering a methodological foundation applicable to other material systems facing environmental and resource challenges.