Multi-Scale Coupling Coordination Evaluation of the Mountain–Water–Forest–Farmland–Lake Land System Using Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Dangtu County, China

With the advancement of systematic ecological protection and restoration, ecosystem coordination assessment and multi-scale differentiation analysis have become increasingly important for regional ecological governance. In this context, this study develops a multi-scale coupling coordination evaluation framework for the mountain–water–forest–farmland–lake (MWFFL) system in Dangtu County, Anhui Province. The framework integrates 14 indicators across five subsystems, uses a combined weighting method based on the Entropy Weight Method and Analytic Hierarchy Process, and applies the coupling coordination degree (CCD) model and trend analysis to characterize inter-system coordination and its spatiotemporal patterns at the regional and ecosystem scales. The results indicate that land use is dominated by arable land, with water bodies forming the structural backbone and construction land distributed in clusters. From 2020 to 2024, the mean CCD remained stable around 0.675, indicating that the overall coupling coordination level was relatively stable. Spatially, the CCD pattern remained higher in the southwest and lower in the northwest, with a new high-value clustering zone emerging in the south. At the ecosystem scale, the four ecological restoration units showed distinct spatiotemporal patterns of coupling coordination. This multi-scale MWFFL evaluation framework supports regional ecological monitoring and provides a reference for restoration effectiveness assessment in similar regions under the life community concept.