Multi-Objective Optimal Sizing and Coordinated Energy Management of PV–BESS-Based Multiple Microgrids in Distribution Systems

The increasing penetration of distributed energy resources and diverse load characteristics in interconnected multi-microgrid systems creates significant challenges for coordinated energy management and optimal resource planning. This study proposes a multi-objective optimization framework for the simultaneous sizing of photovoltaic (PV) systems and battery energy storage systems (BESSs), combined with coordinated energy management and bidirectional power exchange among residential, commercial, and industrial microgrids connected to the IEEE 33-bus distribution network. The framework incorporates 24 h load profiles, photovoltaic generation, time-of-use electricity pricing, and distribution network operational constraints. A Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm is employed to simultaneously minimize the total daily cost, network power losses, and grid dependency while satisfying the voltage, feeder loading, and battery state-of-charge constraints. The economic objective combines the equivalent daily investment costs of PV and BESSs with daily operating costs using a capital recovery factor (CRF)-based formulation to ensure dimensional consistency. The best compromise solution is selected using the minimum normalized Euclidean distance to the ideal Pareto solution. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves a total daily cost of $13,412.52/day, total network power losses of 4179.1 kW, and grid dependency of 3262.28 kWh while maintaining all operational constraints within acceptable limits. Furthermore, coordinated PV–BESS operation improves voltage regulation, reduces feeder loading and network power losses, enhances renewable energy utilization, and decreases the reliance on the utility grid. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework provides an effective techno-economic approach for the coordinated planning and operation of interconnected multi-microgrid systems with high renewable energy penetration.