Multi-Environment Multi-Locus Association Mapping Reveals Genomic Regions for Drought-Related Traits in Tropical Maize
Carina de Oliveira Anoni, Kaio Olímpio das Graças Dias, Martin Boer, Marcos Malosetti, Lauro José Moreira Guimarães, Paulo Evaristo de Oliveira Guimarães, Marcos José Andrade Viana, Maurício de Alvarenga Mudadu, Edson Alves Bastos, Milton José Cardoso, Roberto Willians Noda, Juliana Erika de Carvalho Teixeira Yassitepe, Jurandir Vieira de Magalhães, Antônio Augusto Franco Garcia, Fred van Eeuwijk, Claudia Teixeira Guimarães, Maria Marta PastinaAbstract
Maize grain yield is frequently constrained by water scarcity, particularly in tropical regions characterized by irregular rainfall patterns. Dissecting the genetic basis of drought-related traits remains challenging because their expression is strongly influenced by environmental conditions. In this study, we applied a multi-environment multi-locus genome-wide association study (MEML-GWAS) to identify genomic regions associated with drought-related traits in tropical maize. The association panel comprised 190 inbred lines from the Embrapa breeding program, which were genotyped with 500,108 GBS-derived SNPs, and crossed with two tester lines. Phenotypic data corresponded to the performance of the testcross hybrids, divided in Dent and Flint heterotic groups, evaluated across two years at two locations in Brazil under well-watered and water-stressed conditions. Traits analyzed included grain yield, anthesis-silking interval, female and male flowering time, and plant and ear height. Drought stress reduced grain yield by approximately 50% and increased the anthesis-silking interval by about two days. A total of 179 significant SNP-trait associations were detected, of which 166 showed significant SNP-by-environment interaction effects, while 13 displayed stable effects across environments. Several associations were detected specifically under water-stressed conditions, highlighting genomic regions potentially involved in drought adaptation. Functional annotation revealed candidate genes previously implicated in abiotic stress responses, including ZmTIP1, which encodes an S-acyltransferase regulating root hair development and drought tolerance. Among the novel candidate genes, GRMZM2G159125, encoding a phospholipase D, emerged as a particularly promising candidate due to its strong association with grain yield and its role in membrane lipid signaling pathways related to stress responses. Although a few associations overlapped genomic regions previously reported for drought tolerance in maize, most loci represent potentially novel genetic factors that may contribute to improving drought resilience in tropical maize breeding programs.