Motivation Scale Exploratory Development in Chinese University Tennis Physical Education Context
Changjie Liu, Nung Kion Lee, Kee-Man ChuahObjective
The present research aimed to evaluate the psychometrics of Perceived Locus of Causality (PLOC) in the Chinese compulsory tennis physical education context.
Method
Two Samples (n1=355, n2=245) of data were obtained from one Chinese university students who had tennis PE in semester 2024/2025-1 and 2024/2025-2. In Phase 1, the Self-determination Theory (SDT) based 5-factor model was examined for the total data. Based on Phase 1 implications, the original 5-factor model was shortened into a 4-factor model in Phase 2 and a 3-factor model in Phase 3. In Phase 4, a two-procedure EFA-CFA was performed across the two independent natural samples. Post-hoc Model Modification strategies were applied for the 4-phase analysis, including: (1) building paths stepwise based on values of modification indices (MI) and expected parameter change (EPC); (2) detecting low-loading items in CFA, (3) checking cross-loading items in EFA.
Results
The modified five-factor model obtained a good fit, but not discriminant validity. An SDT-based 3-factor model and an AGT-SDT-based 3-factor model were developed with good reliability and validity for the present population.
Conclusion
A 17-item 1-path 3-factor model obtained acceptable indices and converged with the simplified SDT continuum of Autonomous Motivation, Controlled Motivation, and Amotivation. The EFA-CFA analysis procedure derived an 18-item 3-factor model (Approach Motivation, Avoidance Motivation, and Amotivation), performed with acceptable quality and developmental adaptations in the present population.