Morphological Variations and Morphometric Analysis of Ureter in an Adult South Asian Population – A Descriptive Cadaveric Study
B. A. Gaadha, P. T. Dhaneesh, Anitha VenkateswaranIntroduction:
The ureters are the paired muscular tubes that convey urine from the kidneys into the bladder. Although most international textbooks consider the normal length of the ureters to be 25–30 cm with an approximate diameter of 3 mm, there is marked geographical variability concerning their morphometric characteristics. Understanding these variations is vital for anatomical, radiological, and surgical applications. This study aims to analyze the morphology, morphometry, and congenital anomalies of the ureter in a specific regional cadaveric population.
Materials and Methods:
A descriptive cross-sectional cadaveric study was conducted on 50 ureters from 25 formalin-fixed human cadavers (18 males, 7 females; aged 45–75 years) of South Asian descent. Following institutional ethical clearance, retroperitoneal dissection was performed using standardized protocols. Ureteral length and mid-abdominal diameter were measured using a tape and Vernier calipers, respectively. Data underwent descriptive and inferential statistical analysis.
Results:
Mean ureteral lengths were 23.75 ± 2.01 cm (right) and 24.25 ± 1.85 cm (left). Mean resting diameters were 3.10 ± 0.40 mm (right) and 3.05 ± 0.42 mm (left). Normal anatomy was observed in 90% (
Conclusion:
The 10% incidence of unilateral incomplete duplication and shorter average lengths (23.75–24.25 cm) deviates from global anatomical standards, emphasizing the need for regional databases to optimize endourological stent sizing and prevent iatrogenic injuries during pelvic surgery.