Modern possibilities and prospects of using laser refractive surgery for myopia and myopic astigmatism

Objective: To summarize the current capabilities and prospects for the use of laser surgery to improve visual function in patients with myopia and myopic astigmatism. Materials and Methods: This review article is based on a systematic search and analysis of current domestic and international publications devoted to laser refractive surgery for myopia and myopic astigmatism. Results: In recent decades, laser refractive surgery has seen a steady increase in the use of visual correction methods for patients with myopia and myopic astigmatism. Among modern photorefractive technologies, LASIK, PRK, and SMILE have the greatest clinical significance. Long-term research confirms the high efficacy and safety of these procedures for myopia and myopic astigmatism, especially with moderate to severe refractive errors. SMILE is characterized by less invasiveness, a reduced risk of dry eye syndrome, and stable visual outcomes in the late postoperative period. LASIK remains the most widely used method due to its predictable results and short recovery period. PRK remains relevant in cases of insufficient corneal thickness or contraindications to other methods. The importance of an individualized approach when choosing a correction method is also noted, based on the anatomical and functional characteristics of the eye, the patient's age, the degree of ametropia, and the expected outcome of the procedure. Conclusion: The review emphasizes the importance of surgical correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism using modern capabilities and the effectiveness of laser surgery (LASIK, FS-LASIK, PRK, SMILE), as well as reducing the incidence of complications and improving the quality of life of patients with this pathology.