Modern Approaches to the Synthesis of Triazole Derivatives: Advances in Catalysis and Green Chemistry

The synthesis of N-heterocycles, particularly triazole derivatives, has become a focal point of modern organic chemistry due to their significant applications in medicinal chemistry, materials science, and agrochemicals. Triazole derivatives are known for their diverse pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. This review focuses on the contemporary methods for synthesizing triazole derivatives, with an emphasis on advanced strategies such as click chemistry, transition-metal-catalyzed reactions, and microwave-assisted synthesis. These modern approaches provide more efficient, selective, and sustainable synthetic routes. The application of triazole derivatives in drug design, including their role in the development of novel therapeutic agents and their incorporation into materials science through metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), are discussed. The review highlights key trends in the synthesis of triazoles and their broader implications across various fields of research.