Modeling Human–Fire–Agent Interactions for Subway Fire Evacuation: A Case Study of Lumu Metro Station in Suzhou

Metro stations, while essential for urban transportation, pose unique evacuation challenges due to confined layouts and high densities; existing models often struggle to accurately capture individual pedestrian behaviors and the dynamic spread of fires. This study introduces a human–fire–agent interaction model designed to enhance the understanding and simulation of critical interactions among pedestrians, fire dynamics, and the underground environment of a metro station. The model integrates social force modeling and fluid dynamics to accurately represent pedestrian behavior and fire spread, for a more complete analysis of evacuation scenarios. Using Lumu Station in Suzhou as a case study, this study develops a detailed simulation framework implemented in an integrated PyroSim-Python-AnyLogic platform to model the evacuation process. The framework is employed to evaluate the effectiveness of turnstile reversal strategies—an approach that involves temporarily reversing the direction of turnstiles to facilitate faster evacuation during emergencies. Beyond mitigation, this study extends to the preparedness phase by functioning as a high-fidelity digital twin. It enables immersive “Serious Game” training and provides a quantitative tool for railway managers, decision-makers, and engineers to optimize operating procedures and performance-based station designs.